·
The
Disease
o
Hepatitis A infections affects the liver of people
of any age group. Symptoms include yellow eyes, yellow skin, redness, stomach
ache, loss of appetite, and nausea.
·
Hepatitis
A Threat !
o
Hepatitis A is seen all around the world. It
continues to have a steady frequency of infection in areas like Central and
South America, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Western Pacific. This
virus is acquired when fecal material of an infected person is passed on to another
individual, either by contact or by a contaminated source. It has also been
seen to transmit through transfusions due to its presence in blood. Hepatitis A infections have been decreased to
an estimated 21,000 infections in the united States in 2010 (3)
·
Who Should
be Vaccinated?
o
All Children, anyone traveling to areas with a
high frequency of hepatitis A, children between 2 and 18 years old living in
areas with high incidence, Men who have sex with men, people who use street
drugs, people who have chronic liver disease, those treated with clotting
factor concentrations, those who work with HAV infected primates, or members of
a household planning on adopting a child from another country.
·
Vaccine Dosages
and Schedules
o
HAVARIX
§
12 mos – 18 yrs
·
2 dosages
·
2nd dose 6 – 12 months after
§
>19 yrs
·
2 dosages
·
2nd dose 6 – 12 months after
o
VAQTA
§
12 mos – 18 yrs
·
2 dosages
·
2nd dose 6 – 12 months after
§
>19 yrs
·
2 dosages
·
2nd dose 6 – 12 months after
o
TWINRIX
§
>18 yrs
·
3 dosages
·
2nd dose 1 month after; 3rd
dose 6 months after
§
>18 yrs
·
4 dosages
·
2nd 7 days aftert; 3rd
21- 30 days after; 4th 12mons after
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Hepatitis B
·
The
Disease
o
Hepatitis B infections affect the liver and can
potentially cause no symptoms, yellow skin or eyes, tiredness, stomach ache,
loss of appetite, nausea, or joint pain. Hepatitis B infections can often
become chronic especially in younger infected individuals.
·
The
Hepatitis B Threat !
o
Hepatitis A is seen all around the world and is
currently chronically infecting as many as 350 million people. It is estimated
that in 2002 more than 600,000 people died of Hepatitis B worldwide. The virus
is transmitted through exposure to the blood or other bodily fluids of someone
who is infected. In the United States most people develop hepatitis B via
sexual contact. It is also seen in high frequencies among people who use
needles for injection drug usage. Chronic hepatitis is seen in large numbers in
areas like China, Southeast Asia, Africa, many Pacific islands, some of the
Middle East, and the Amazon Basin.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
All Children, anyone living with someone
infected with HBV, those who have sex with multiple partners, men who have sex
with men, injection drug users, jobs entailing contact with human blood,
hemodialysis patients, HIV infected individuals, dialysis patients, those with
liver disease, travelers to countries where Hepatitis B is endemic, and
prisoners in correctional facilities.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
Engerix-B
§
0 – 19yrs
·
3 doses
·
0, 1-4, 6-18 at birth; 0, 1-2, 4 for older
children
§
> 20 yrs
·
3 doses
·
0, 1, 6 mons
o
Recombivax
HB
§
0 – 19yrs
·
3 doses
·
Birth, 1-4, 6-18; 0, 1-2, 4 mons
§
11- 15 yrs
·
2 dosages
·
0, 4-6 mons
§
>20 yrs
·
3 dosages
·
0, 1, 6 mons
Sources:
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Schedules and Dosages
Diphtheria
·
The
Disease
o
Diphtheria is a respiratory disease caused by the
bacterial infection of Corynebacterium
diphtheriae. This disease can cause a number of symptoms depending on the
mucosal membrane it infects. If not treated the disease can lead to hindrances
of the airways, coma, and death.
·
The Diphtheria
Threat !
o
Diphtheria is a worldwide disease seen at higher
frequencies in areas which are moderate in temperature. In the United States
diphtheria incidence is highest for populations in the Southeast in the winter
but modernly it is affecting Native Americans at the highest frequencies. The disease is contagious and only survives
in humans so it is only transmitted from person to person from the respiratory
tract. Diphtheria was once a major cause of illness in the United States
killing between 13,500- 15,000 people a year in the 1920s. When the vaccine was
introduced to the Unite States the frequencies of Diphtheria fell drastically,
and since 2000 as few as 5 cases have been reported here. Diphtheria is still a
major cause of disease in parts of the world killing thousands as seen in an
outbreak in the Soviet Union in 1990 through 1994 causing 5000 deaths.
·
Who Should
be Vaccinated?
o
It is important that everyone is vaccinated for Diphtheria
at a young age to prevent infection of themselves and others.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
DTaP and DT
§
< 7 yrs
·
5 doses
·
2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, 4-6 years
·
DT does
not contain pertussis
o
Tdap and
Td
§
>11 yrs
·
1 dose
Sources :
Schedule and dosages
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Tetanus
·
The
Disease
o
Tetanus is a disease caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani which affects the
nervous system. Symptoms include lockjaw, stiffness in the neck and abdomen,
and trouble swallowing. Tetanus can cause fractures in bones, an abnormal
rhythm of the heart, and even death in 10- 20% of cases. (3)
·
The
Tetanus Threat !
o
Tetanus is a scary condition occurring worldwide
in which the pathogen enters through a breakage in the skin from the soil. It
is most likely to be found in heavily populated and high temperature regions.
Both minor and major wounds are capable of causing an infection when they are
contaminated with tetanus and so all should be cleaned and treated
appropriately. Tetanus is not contagious between humans and is the only vaccine
preventable disease with this characteristic. Tetanus has seen a dramatic
decrease in frequencies in the United States in recent years, and since
vaccination tetanus has fallen from .04 cases in 100,000 per year in 1940 to
.01 cases per 100,000 in 2009. There were only 18 cases in the US reported in
2009.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
It is important that everyone is vaccinated for
tetanus as it is naturally occurring in nature and can infect anyone in an
unprecedented accident.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
DTaP and DT
§
< 7 yrs
·
5 doses
·
2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, 4-6 years
·
DT does
not contain pertussis
o
Tdap and
Td
§
>11 yrs
·
1 dose
·
Booster shot every 10 years
Sources
Schedules and Dosages
The Disease and Who Should be vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Pertussis
·
The
Disease
o
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a
serious respiratory condition caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. Symptoms of the disease include Runny nose,
sneezing, mild cough, and a pause in breathing in infants. Coughing begins 1 to
2 weeks and the gasping for breath causes the characteristic whooping sound.
·
The
Tetanus Threat !
o
Pertussis, also known as Whooping Cough, is a
disease most dangerous for babies and young children and continues to occur
worldwide. The disease only survives in a human source and is transmitted to
other people via contact with respiratory droplets. Before the vaccine was
available in the United States pertussis killed children at very high frequencies.
Between 1940 and 1945 the Unites States saw an average of 175,000 cases each
year. This called for the need for a vaccine, and when it was created pertussis
frequencies fell gradually to a remarkable 15,000 cases in 1960. Frequencies of
pertussis continued to fall to as low as 2,900 cases per year. Since the 1980’s
the United States has took a turn for the worse in its fight against pertussis
with frequencies now increasing gradually. In 2010 there were 27,550 cases
reported and 27 deaths.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
It is extremely important for babies and
children to be vaccinated for pertussis due to their increased risk of serious
complications. It is highly recommended that everyone receives the pertussis
vaccination.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
DTaP
§
< 7 yrs
·
5 doses
·
2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, 4-6 years
o
Tdap
§
>11 yrs
·
1 dose
·
Booster shot every 10 years
Sources :
Schedules and dosages
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Varicella
·
The
Disease
o
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster
virus. Chicken pox is characterized by causing a serious rash of blisters which
itch, fever, headache, and tiredness. Chickenpox can cause serious complications
like secondary infections of the skin, dehydration, pneumonia, and
encephalitis. Chickenpox can reemerge later in life as Shingles and cause further
complications.
·
The Varicella
Threat !
o
Chicken Pox is a worldwide infectious disease
caused by the Varicella Zoster Virus. It occurs in the respiratory tract and so
it is transmitted easily between people via respiratory droplets and
secretions. It is seen to affect people mostly in winter and early spring
months. Before a vaccine was available Chicken Pox was a condition experienced
by nearly everybody at young ages meaning it affected nearly 4 million people
each year. Varicella cases has been reduced drastically now mostly due to the
development of the vaccine. In 2007 it was estimated that around 90% of infants
were immunized against Varicella. Despite high coverage of vaccinations of
youth varicella cases have remained the same for some time leading to the
recommendation of children to receive a second dose for a strengthened
response.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
It is extremely important for babies and children
to be vaccinated for chicken pox due to their increased risk of serious
complications. It is highly recommended that everyone receives the vaccination,
especially adults who never experienced the disease as a child.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
Varivax
or ProQuad (MMRV vaccine)
§
Newborns
·
2 doses
·
12 -15 months, 4- 6 years
§
12 months – 12 years
·
.5 ml
·
2 doses
·
0, 3 months
§
> 13 years
·
Cannot take ProQuad
·
.5 ml
·
2 doses
·
0, 4- 8 weeks
S
Sch Sources:
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Mumps
·
The
Disease
o
Mumps is a disease caused by the Mumps virus
causing fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, loss of appetite, and swollen
glands under ears and jaw. Mumps lasts between 7 to 10 days and is typically
mild, but occasionally it can cause serious complications like meningitis,
deafness, and death.
·
The Mumps
Threat !
o
Mumps is a worldwide infection which only
affects humans. It is typically seen in the winter and spring most but does
occur year round. The Mumps virus is transmitted via droplets from an infected
individual. Mumps began to be reported in the United States only as far back as
the 1960’s and it is estimated that there were 212,000 cases in 1964. When the
vaccine for Mumps was created the reported cases of mumps fell quickly and
between 1983 and 1985 only 3000 cases were reported annually. A peak in Mumps
infections in 1986 and 1987 occurred again due to high school and college aged
youth having been born after the vaccine was recommended. Outbreaks continue to
occur, including an outbreak in the orthodox Jewish community in 2009-2010. It
is recognized that prolonged close contact living conditions like these
facilitate transmission.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
It is important that everyone is vaccinated for Mumps
at an early age as it is a highly contagious and serious infection. This
includes adults who have no evidence of immunity from past immunization or
infection.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
MMR and
ProQuad
§
>1 yr
·
2 doses
·
12-15 months of age and 4-6 months of age
·
Most have minimum of four weeks between doses
Sources :
Schedules and Dosages
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Measles
·
The
Disease
o
Measles is an extremely contagious disease which
attacks the respiratory system and is caused by the Measles virus. Symptoms
include fever, runny nose, cough, and severe rash. Measles can lead to many
complications and it is likely for children infected with measles to develop an
ear infection and pneumonia as well. Every 1/1000 infected person develops
encephalitis and 1/1000 infected will die.
·
The Measles
Threat !
o
Measles remains a highly infectious and
dangerous disease today killing nearly 200,000 people worldwide each year. The
measles virus only survives for long periods in human hosts and is transmitted
from one person to another via respiratory droplets. Measles is unique in its
ability to easily become airborne and remain in an area up to two hours after
an infected person has left. The Unites States has struggled with Measles as
early as the 1940s and 1950s when nearly 500,000 cases were reported annually
along with 500 deaths. Due to lack of reporting it is now estimated that an
impressive 3- 4 million people were infected with measles annually before
vaccination. After vaccination licensure in 1963 measles frequencies fell 98%
and a goal of eradicating the disease was set for October 1, 1982. By 1983 only
1,497 measles cases were reported. Despite this success, Measles saw a major
resurgence in frequencies between 1989 and 1991, now mostly infecting young
children under the age of five rather than school age children as it did after
the early vaccine era. This was due to low vaccination coverage and is why we
must continue to vaccinate against the Measles virus. Measles is currently
slowly on the rise once again.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
It is important that everyone is vaccinated for
Measles at an early age as it is a highly contagious and serious infection.
This includes adults who have no evidence of immunity due to past immunization
or infection. College students,
international travelers, and healthcare workers are at highest risk for adults.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
MMR and
ProQuad
§
>1 yr
·
2 doses
·
12-15 months of age and 4-6 months of age
·
Must have minimum of four weeks between doses
Sources :
Schedules and Dosages :
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Rubella
·
The
Disease
o
Rubella is a viral disease which causes rash and
fever in children and young adults for two to three days. Major complications
occur when pregnant women contract the rubella disease as it causes birth
defects ranging from deafness, cataracts, heart defections, mental retardation,
and live/ spleen damage.
·
The
Rubella Threat !
o
Rubella is seen worldwide and only in human
beings. It is spread between people via airborne transmission or droplets from
an infected individual or someone with an asymptomatic case. As many as 50% of
rubella cases are asymptomatic. It is typically seen at its highest infection frequency
in the spring and winter months. Rubella was a serious problem in the US in the
1960’s with 1969 showing the highest number of reported cases at 57,686. After
the vaccine was licensed this same year rubella cases fell to as few as 1,000
cases a year by 1983. Despite reappearance in 1990 with outbreaks in the Amish
community rubella frequencies remained low and in 2004 were declared no longer
endemic in the United States after only 7 cases were reported in 2003.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
It is important that everyone is vaccinated for rubella
with the MMR vaccine at an early age. This includes adults who have no evidence
of immunity due to past immunization or infection. College students, international travelers,
women of childbearing age and healthcare workers are at highest risk for
adults.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
MMR and
ProQuad (MMRV)
§
>1 yr
·
2 doses
·
12-15 months of age and 4-6 months of age
·
Most have minimum of four weeks between doses
Sources :
Schedules and Dosages :
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Human Papillomavirus
(HPV)
·
The
Disease
o
HPV infections cause a chronic skin condition
which affects the genitals of males and females as well as the mouth and
throat. Symptoms of an infection include Genital warts, occasionally warts in
the throat, and cancers particularly of the cervix but also of the vulva,
vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx.
·
The HPV
Threat !
o
HPV is currently a threat worldwide with no cure
and the only treatment depending on managing symptoms. HPV is transmitted
between people with direct contact, especially sexual contact. This fact makes
the risk of obtaining the disease increase drastically with riskier sexual
behavior. HPV is currently thought of as being the most common sexually
transmitted disease in the United States. There is an estimated 6.2 new HPV
infections which occur annually. 75% of this incredible number of infections
occurs in youth between the ages of 15-24 years of age. To be taken along with
these statistics, cervical cancer was seen in 11,070 new cases in 2008, killing
3,870. It is estimated that nearly all of these cervical cancers were the
result of a previous HPV infection. 90% of anal cancers, 40% of vulvar,
vaginal, or penile cancers, and 12% of oral cancers are also estimated to be
the cause of an HPV infection.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
It is highly recommended that girls be
vaccinated between the ages of 11 and 12 due to the chances of chronic HPV
infections causing cervical cancer at higher frequencies than any other
cancerous results. Females above the age of 12 are also recommended to receive
the vaccine to prevent infection. It is now recommended that males between 11
and 26 years of age receive the Gardasil vaccine to protect against genital
warts, anal cancer, and to prevent the spread of HPV to females via sexual
contact.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
Gardasil
§
11yr – 26 yr
·
Males and females
·
3 doses
·
0, 1-2, 6 mons
o
Ceravix
§
9yr – 26yr
·
Females only
·
3 doses
·
0, 1-2, 6 mons
Sources :
Schedules and Dosages
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Haemophilus influenzae Type B (Hib)
·
The
Disease
o
HIB is caused by the bacteria Heamophilus influenzae type b and affects
mostly children under the age of 5 years. Hib symptoms depend on the area the bacteria
infect. In meningitis it causes fever, loss of attentiveness, and a stiff
neck. It can also cause the swelling of
the throat, infection of joints, infections of skin, Pneumonia, and infections
of the bone. Hib causes serious complications in a large number of those
infected, causing 1/20 to die- even with treatment. 1/5 of those who survive
will develop brain damage or deafness as a result of the infection.
·
The Hib
Threat !
o
It is obvious that Hib is a serious threat to
human beings due to its ability to cause fatality in such a large proportion of
those infected. Hib only survives in human bodies, and is currently thought to
spread via respiratory droplets from infected individuals. The disease is not
extraordinarily communicable but does increase its chances of being transmitted
in close settings like institutions, childcare, etc. In the 1980’s the US saw
as many as 20,000 cases annually, but the number of those infected with Hib has
decreased by 99% after the development of a vaccine. A large number of infected
individuals are now infants who are too young to complete the 3 or 4 dosages
the vaccine requires for the best results and the rest are mostly those infants
who were old enough to be vaccinated completely but simply were not. 2009 saw
between 35 and 213 cases of Hib infection.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
It is important that everyone is vaccinated against
Hib as early as possible due to high risk complications when infections form.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
ActHIB
and HibTITER
§
4 doses
§
ages 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, and 12- 15
months
o
PedvacHIB
and Comvax
§
3 doses
§
Ages 2 months, 4 months, and 12- 15 months.
Sources :
Schedules and Dosages
The Disease and Who Should be vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Influenza
·
The
Disease
o
The flu is caused by the influenza virus,
causing symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, runny/ stuffy nose, body
aches, headaches, fatigue, and occasionally vomiting and diarrhea. The overall
threat is variable according to the season as each year a new version of the
flu comes along and causes different infections. Certain people are at very
high risk for complications and they can develop bacterial pneumonia, ear
infections, sinus infections, dehydration, worsening of chronic conditions,
heart failure, asthma, or diabetes.
·
The Influenza
Threat !
o
Influenza is continued to be seen worldwide
every year. There are three Influenza types, and types B and C are only capable
of infecting humans while type A can infect animals as well. It is spread between
people via large droplets from an infected person which are dispersed when a
person coughs or sneezes. This can directly reach the respiratory systems of an
infected person or contaminate a surface and later be picked up. Influenza is
typically seen between December and March. Influenza seems to attack the
high-risk population of adults most harshly. This population is hospitalized at
much higher frequencies during an outbreak of influenza than at any other time.
Influenza is difficult to identify and frequencies of infection are typically recognized
by analyzing data in which Pneumonia or Influenza are listed as the cause of
death of a person.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
It is important that everyone above the age of 6
months be vaccinated for the flu with either of the two available vaccines. It
is especially important for those at higher risk of severe influenza
complications and for those around these people to be vaccinated.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
Inactivated
§
>6 months
·
1 dose annually
·
.25ml to infants between 6- 35 months
·
.5 ml to > 35 months
o
Live
Intranasal
§
23 months- 50 years
·
1 dose annually
·
.5 ml
·
Not meant for children with asthma, pregnant
women, long term health conditions, muscle disorders, weakened immune system, aspirin
treatment, or those in contact with someone with a weakened immune system.
Sources :
Schedules and Dosages
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Meningococcal
·
The
Disease
o
Meningococcal Meningitis is one of the most
common outcomes of being infected with Neisseria
meningitidis bacteria. In this condition the bacteria is infecting the
brain and spinal cord causing symptoms like fever, headache, stiff neck,
nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and confusion. It can also cause a
bloodstream infection. This infection exhibits symptoms like fatigue, vomiting,
cold extremities, cold chills, severe aches in body, rapid breathing, diarrhea,
and a dark purple rash in later development of infection.
·
The Meningococcal
Threat !
o
Meningococcal diseases can be seen worldwide
still today. The N. meningitidis bacteria
are typically spread either by respiratory droplets or through direct contact
but it is not highly contagious. In the United States we saw between 1,400 and
2,800 cases annually before year 2000. Vaccine implementation did show a large
drop in meningococcal disease but there still remain a large number of cases in
people between the ages of 18 and 21. Most cases are random and do not cause
outbreaks probably due to their low communicability. In Africa there remains an
issue with meningococcal disease in which frequencies of disease are much
higher in an area ranging from Ethiopia to Senegal.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
It is important that adolescents be vaccinated
for meningococcal disease because this is where the highest frequencies of
infection are seen. It is wise to get the meningococcal vaccine or booster if
you live in a dormitory, are in the military, have a damaged spleen, have had
your spleen removed, are exposed to Neisseria
meningitidis often as a microbiologist, or are traveling to countries where
the disease is common.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
MCV4
§
2 years - 10 years (traveling or other high
risk)
·
2 doses
·
2 months apart
·
MCV4 booster after 3 years if given below age 7
·
MCV4 booster after 5 years if given above age 7
§
11 years – 12 years
·
1 dose
·
Booster at age 16
§
13 – 18
·
1 dose
·
Booster between 16- 18 if given below 15 years
of age
§
19 – 55
·
1 dose
o
MPSV4
§
>55 years
·
1 dose
Sources :
Schedules and Dosages
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Poliomyelitis
·
The
Disease
o
Poliomyelitis, or just Polio, is an infectious
disease caused by the poliomyelitis virus which attacks the human nervous system.
Interestingly, about 99% of people who do become infected with Polio will not
show any symptoms of the disease. When symptoms are seen they manifest as
fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, flue-like symptoms, stiffness in neck and
back, and body pain. 1% of polio patients develops a chronic paralysis as
response to a polio infection and between 5 and 10% of those paralyzed will die
when paralysis reaches the respiratory system.
·
The Polio
Threat !
o
Polio was once a major threat to children across
the world, but today it has been eradicated in the western world by strong vaccination
efforts. This was accomplished over 20 years ago and efforts have continued by
the Global Polio Eradication Program continuing to work towards reducing
transmission. Polio frequencies fell so low that paralysis from the oral polio
vaccine itself was causing more cases of paralysis than the virus itself. This
vaccine was removed from the market and only an inactivated version of the
vaccine remains for use in the US today. There were only 1,579 known cases of
Polio in 2009, a promising number. Today Polio only remains a recurring disease in three countries; Pakistan, Afghanistan,
and Nigeria.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
It is important that everyone above the age of 2
months be vaccinated against Poliomyelitis as soon as possible. This is due to
the vaccines success here and attempts at keeping the disease from coming back.
Adults should be vaccinated if they are traveling to polio-endemic areas, are
handling polio specimens in work or studies, or are a healthcare worker working
with polio infected patients.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
IPV
§
2 months of age
·
4 doses
·
2 months, 4 months, 6- 18 months, 4-6 years
§
Adults
·
3 doses
·
First dose, second 1- 2 months later, third 6-
12 months later
Sources :
Schedules
and Dosages
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
Rotavirus
·
The
Disease
o
Rotavirus is a disease seen in children under
the age of 5 mostly causing symptoms like fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and
abdominal pain. The most severe symptoms are typically seen in initial
infections, with subsequent infections causing fewer complications. Loss of
appetite and dehydration are the common cause of death with a rotavirus
infection.
·
The
Rotavirus Threat !
o
Rotavirus is seen worldwide with different
strains of the virus affecting different areas. Rotavirus remains in the stool
of the people it infects and this transmission is through the fecal route. When
fecal contamination occurs it can spread the disease and rotavirus is an
extremely contagious infectious disease. In the pre-vaccine era rotavirus was
the leading cause of diarrheal based infections and remains the leading cause
of severe diarrheal disease. Because dehydration is easily treatable severe
diarrhea from rotavirus infections in the pre-vaccine era only killed 50 – 70
people in the United States annually. This is not the same for developing
countries where healthcare is not as readily accessible. The rotavirus vaccine
came out in 2006 and this caused a dramatic and quick decrease in rotavirus
infections.
·
Who
Should be Vaccinated?
o
It is important that all young children be
vaccinated for rotavirus to avoid severe diarrheal diseases.
·
Vaccine
Dosages and Schedules
o
Rotarix
§
2 months of age
·
2 doses
·
1mL
·
2 months, 4 months
·
No administration of doses after 8 months
o
Rotateq
§
2 months of age
·
3 doses
·
2mL
·
2 months, 4 months, 6 months
·
No administration of doses after 8 months
Sources :
Schedules and Dosages
The Disease and Who Should be
vaccinated
CDC
vaccine preventable Diseases - http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/vpd-list.htm
The Disease Threat
Atkinson, William, Charles Wolfe,
and Jennifer Hamborsky. "Rotavirus." Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. 12th ed. [Atlanta, GA]: Dept.
of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
263-74. Print.
- This article was written by Glennon Bythrow
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